February 2019 Archives

The U.S. Supreme Court today decided Madison v. Alabama, No. 17-7505, confirming that the state was right on the question that everyone thought the case was about -- whether inability to remember the crime alone exempted a murderer from execution. No, it does not.

Of course, a variety of disorders can cause memory loss. So-called "alcoholic blackout," for example, can prevent the transfer of a memory from volatile current memory to long-term storage, like pulling the plug on on your computer before you save a document to the hard drive. Despite inability the remember, the person will have full mental faculties once he sobers up, and he can understand what he did and why he is being punished for it. In Madison's case, though, the underlying cause is vascular dementia, a broader disorder.

Competency for execution cases have mostly involved psychotic disorders, but the underlying rule is not limited to them. Ford v. Wainwright and Panetti v. Quarterman establish a broader rule that a disorder that prevents rational understanding precludes execution. Because the brief ruling of the state court leaves a majority of the U.S. Supreme Court court in doubt whether it applied the right standard, they send the case back.

The decision is 5-3 with Justice Kavanaugh not participating.  Justice Alito, joined by Justices Thomas and Gorsuch, dissents from the majority's indulgence of Madison's bait-and-switch:
The Crime Victims Rights Act, 18 U.S.C. ยง 3771, is a routinely violated law. It confers rights on victims in federal criminal cases and in federal habeas corpus cases challenging state convictions, but victims rarely have their own attorneys in these matters, so there is generally no one to speak up for the victims in cases where the prosecutor chooses not to.

A particularly egregious violation occurred in the case of Florida's billionaire serial sex offender Jeffrey Epstein. The U.S. Attorney reached an agreement not to prosecute Epstein and leave him to state prosecution. That might not be so bad in itself, as the crimes are primarily of the type that should be prosecuted in state court. The "dual sovereignty" doctrine permits prosecution by both sovereigns for the same act, but it should be used sparingly. In this case, though, the feds let him off merely for reaching a state plea deal with a shockingly low sentence. Jacob Gershman reports for the WSJ.

Under the nonprosecution agreement with Mr. Epstein, who had been the target of a Federal Bureau of Investigation probe, federal prosecutors promised not to bring charges against him in Florida if, among other conditions, he pleaded guilty to two state prostitution-related felonies and served a 13-month prison sentence with work-release privileges that let him spend much of his time outside prison.
During the time this agreement was being negotiated, the federal prosecutors kept the victims completely in the dark. They even sent them letters saying that the case was still being investigated and asked them to be patient even after they had inked a deal disposing of the case.  See also this story at Bloomberg Law.
 
What can victims do about it?

Who You Gonna Call? SCOTUS

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The U.S. Supreme Court this morning busted the Ninth Circuit's practice of decision by ghost judges.

On the last business day of 2017, the Ninth Circuit counted the vote of a recently deceased judge who had concurred in an opinion but then died before it became final. As noted in this post, Judge Reinhardt announced a 2-1 decision "concurred in" by Judge Pregerson, who had died the month before. Judge Reinhardt himself did not have long to live.

Today's case of Yovino v. Rizo was a civil case re-heard in the Ninth Circuit by a pseudo-en-banc 11-judge panel. Although all 11 concurred in the judgment, only 5 others joined Judge Reinhardt's reasoning, and when the court goes en banc it is the precedent set by the reasoning that matters most, not merely who wins the case. Even though the vote was 5-5 among the judges living on the date of announcement, the Ninth said the late Judge Reinhardt's opinion was a majority opinion.

The Supreme Court summarily reversed, disapproving this practice.

When the Ninth Circuit issued its opinion in this case, Judge Reinhardt was neither an active judge nor a senior judge. For that reason, by statute he was without power to participate in the en banc court's decision at the time it was rendered.
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That practice effectively allowed a deceased judge to exercise the judicial power of the United States after his death. But federal judges are appointed for life,not for eternity.
Right, but then there is this:

With the exception of one recent decision issued by the Ninth Circuit after Judge Reinhardt's death but subsequently withdrawn, see supra, at 1 n., we are aware of no cases in which a court of appeals panel has purported to issue a binding decision that was joined at the time of release by less than a quorum of the judges who were alive at that time.
Really? No one told SCOTUS about Hernandez v. Chappell, described above? The Ninth granted rehearing in that case (CJLF's brief supporting rehearing is here), and the new panel correctly decided it. See this post. But I am surprised it wasn't mentioned in the briefing in this case.
Erin Ailworth reports for the WSJ (corrected from an earlier, incorrect version):

CHICAGO--Prosecutors on Wednesday charged actor Jussie Smollett with disorderly conduct for filing a false police report when he claimed to have been the victim of a racist and homophobic attack last month.

Mr. Smollett turned himself in to police on Thursday, Chicago police said, according to the Associated Press.

The charge is a class 4 felony, Chicago Police Department spokesman Anthony Guglielmi said. It carries a penalty of 1 to 3 years in jail, and up to a $25,000 fine, according to the state Legislature's website.

This is a very strange case. Strange that (if the allegations are true) he did it and strange that he thought he could get away with it.
The U.S. Supreme Court held this morning in Timbs v. Indiana that the Excessive Fines Clause of the Eighth Amendment, originally applicable only to the federal government, applies to the states as well through the Fourteenth. The court held in a federal case in 1993 that "excessive fines" includes excessive forfeitures. Not surprisingly, there is no dissent as to the result. The case goes back to the Indiana Supreme Court for application to the facts of the case -- forfeiting a Land Rover for transporting drugs where the vehicle is worth four times the maximum fine for the offense.

This is likely the last provision of the Bill of Rights to be "incorporated."  The Court decided well over a century ago that the already-obsolete grand jury clause of the Fifth Amendment would not be incorporated, and it is unlikely to revisit that decision. Incorporating the Seventh Amendment and requiring jury trials in state-court civil cases for $21 is also not going to happen. The Third Amendment, quartering troops in private homes in peacetime, is unlikely to arise, to put it mildly.

Justices Thomas and Gorsuch write separately on the question of whether the Privileges or Immunities Clause rather than the Due Process Clause should be the mechanism of incorporation. Justice Thomas says yes, and Justice Gorsuch says maybe. That would be a better fit to the original understanding of the Fourteenth Amendment. Justice Gorsuch notes that nothing in this case turns on that question, though.

Jess Bravin has this article in the WSJ noting that the ruling "potentially jeopardizi[es] asset-forfeiture programs that help fund police operations with property seized from criminal suspects." True, some worthy projects may need to find other funding sources or may go unfunded, but using punishment as a targeted revenue source is a fundamentally flawed idea. Punishments should be imposed according to what is just, and the money should go into the general fund so that no decision-maker has a specific incentive to punish more harshly to get the money.

News Scan

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Another False Hate Crime:  Actor Jussie Smollett's claim, that he was attacked while walking home after the bars closed in Chicago by white thugs wearing MAGA hats and shouting racist and homophobic slurs, fell apart over the weekend.  This City Journal piece by Heather MacDonald notes that Smollett's fakery is just the latest example of the media and Trump-haters reflexively supporting such claims to validate the narrative that America is awash with violent racial and sexist intolerance thanks to the President and his supporters.  "Smollett made a not-irrational wager that a patently preposterous narrative about an anti-black, anti-gay hate crime at 2 A.M. in subzero Chicago would be embraced by the entirety of the mainstream media, leading Democratic politicians, Hollywood, and academia, with no one of these cohorts bothering to fact-check his narrative..."  As usual, the wager paid off until others uncovered the facts.    

A Disappointing Sequel in Moore v. Texas

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In 1980, Bobby James Moore literally blew the head off James McCarble, 72, while robbing the supermarket where Mr. McCarble worked. Today the U.S. Supreme Court overturned Moore's death sentence for the second time.

The opinion relies on criteria for defining intellectual disability (formerly called mental retardation) established by two private organizations with agendas, the American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities and the American Psychiatric Association. For the reasons why this is a bad idea, see our brief in the first case. Science has little or nothing to do with it.

The first case was decided 5-3, with Justice Scalia's chair vacant and Chief Justice Roberts dissenting, joined by Justices Thomas and Alito. This time, the Chief concurs because he believes the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals did not properly apply the previous decision. It is binding precedent, even if he does not agree with it. Justice Alito writes the dissent joined by Justice Thomas and Justice Gorsuch.

There is no express indication of Justice Kavanaugh's position. "Per curiam" opinions are not expressly joined, though they express the position of a majority of the Court. It is disappointing not to see him join the dissent. Hopefully he merely has a position like Justice Roberts's, that he does not think the state court followed the precedent, without revisiting the issues decided there. He seems to be generally lying low after his brutal confirmation battle.

There are many bad ideas in constitutional law, but delegating to private, unaccountable, agenda-driven organizations the power to amend the Eighth Amendment and decide who can be executed for murder is among the worst. I had hoped that this case would be taken for full briefing and argument to reconsider that question, but the Court should take it up in another one soon.

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Senate Confirms William Barr for AG:  The nomination of William Barr, a former Attorney General under President George H.W. Bush, was confirmed by the U.S. Senate to head President Trump's Justice Department today.  Alex Pappas and Brooke Singman of Fox News report that three democrats joined republicans to confirm Barr by a 54-45 vote.  Senator Rand Paul voted against confirmation.  Barr, 68, who was a member of President Reagan's policy staff, also worked for the CIA and the Justice Department before his appointment to Attorney General by President Bush.  Unlike former AG Jeff sessions, Bar will not be learning on-the-job about the levels of authority at Justice and where to place key people to carry out his policies.  Nor will he need to recuse himself from oversight of the Special Counsel's two-year investigation of alleged collusion between the Trump campaign and Russia.  

Obstructing Justice

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There has been much talk out of Washington about obstruction of justice over the past two years but very little of substance has been discovered.  Perhaps those talking are focused on the wrong target.  If you want to see real obstruction of justice, just take a look at California where for the past 13 years, the Governor and the Attorney General have colluded to prevent enforcement of the death penalty, although voters have repeatedly expressed support for carrying it out.  Michele Hanisee, President of the LA Deputy District Attorneys Association  has this piece which spells out how elected officials who, as candidates, promised the public that they would enforce the death penalty and then, once elected, used their authority to make sure the law is not enforced.  While Ms. Hanisee aims most of her arrows at the state Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation (CDCR) and California's Attorney General, CDCR is an Executive Branch agency that does nothing without the Governor's approval.    

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CA Judge Voids New Felony Murder Law:  A new California law which eliminated the "felony murder rule" has been held unconstitutional by an Orange County Superior Court Judge presiding over the trial of two of the three criminals charged with a 2016 robbery/murder in Buena Park which left a gas station clerk dead.  City News Service reports that Judge Gregg Prickett ruled that SB 1437, a statute signed into law by Governor Jerry Brown last fall, conflicts with initiatives passed by state voters in 1978 and 1990 which identify felony murder as a special circumstance.  Generally, a ballot measure cannot be amended by a legislative statute without voter approval. The new law also eliminates the ability of a jury to find defendants guilty of murder for the natural and probable results of a crime in which they willingly participated--such as a gang member driving the car during a drive-by shooting that kills a child.   The Judge's ruling only effects Orange County, and will be appealed to the California Supreme Court.   

Community Policing, Rightly Understood

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George Kelling, a pioneer of community policing and a long-time friend and advisor to CJLF, has this article in the City Journal trying to clear up some misunderstandings about the "Broken Windows" approach.

Over the last quarter of a century, the United States has seen historic drops in crime--most famously in New York. These gains, once thought impossible, were achieved largely through dramatic innovations in policing, especially the adoption of an approach that stressed order maintenance in communities, data- and intelligence-gathering, and a problem-solving approach to crime and disorder.

In recent years, however, antipolice sentiment has risen in the U.S., sparked in part by a series of tragic, high-profile police-involved killings in major cities but also by the work of critics, mostly on the left but also on the libertarian right, who argue that targeted policing aimed at public disorder is coercive, hostile to community life, and often racist. These critics see such policing as the antithesis to what they call community policing. The arguments that have gained popular currency among police critics have essentially blinded them from seeing that the sort of aggressive policing that they object to can actually be an element of a community-policing model.

The increasingly widespread view that community policing and order-maintenance efforts are at odds represents a fundamental misunderstanding. In reality, the proactive policing that New York first undertook in its subway system under then-transit police chief William J. Bratton in the early 1990s--informed in significant part by Broken Windows theory--was a core element of community policing. Indeed, the very behaviors that residents wanted more heavily policed called for exactly the sort of approach that many modern community-policing advocates now decry.

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Illegal Arrested in Connecticut Murder:  A former boyfriend, in the U.S. illegally, has been arrested for the murder of 24-year-old Valerie Reyes.  Kathleen Joyce of Fox News reports that last week Reyes body was found in a suitcase along a road in Greenwich, Connecticut.  The cause of death has not been disclosed.  Javier da Silva, a Venezuelan national who had been dating Reyes, was arrested today by the Greenwich police. Reyes, who was last seen alive on January 29th, told her mother that she was afraid someone is going to murder her.    

"El Chapo" Guilty on All Counts:  Mexican drug lord Joaquin "El Chapo" Guzman was found guilty of running a drug smuggling enterprise and multiple counts of distributing drugs and money laundering by a federal jury in New York today.  Elisha Fieldstadt and Tom Winter of NBC News report that in the extradition deal with Mexico to bring Guzman to the U.S. for trial, prosecutors agreed not to seek the death penalty.  For that reason, there were no murder charges brought against the brutal, murdering drug kingpin.   He will almost certainly sentenced in life in prison without parole.    

More Ugliness on Judicial Confirmation

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Ashley Baker of Committee for Justice has this op-ed on the ugly politics behind the opposition to the nomination of Naomi Rao for USCA-DC.

The women's movement was on display at this week's State of the Union address ....  One would expect that these same Democratic women would be similarly excited that a woman has been nominated for Kavanaugh's now empty seat on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit.

But just the opposite was true when the Senate Judiciary Committee met Tuesday to hear from Neomi Rao, the D.C. Circuit nominee. I'd like to say I was surprised but Rao is a conservative and, on the Hill, the #MeToo movement is about partisan politics rather than about women.
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An irony of Democrats' judicial confirmation politics is that their efforts to thwart nominations deliberately and disproportionately impact stellar minority and female nominees. Just ask Miguel Estrada or Janice Rogers Brown.

Last Minute Filings

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Holding claims until the eleventh hour before an execution has long been a favorite tactic of the capital defense bar. The tactic forces a court to choose between staying an execution beyond the scheduled date and letting it proceed despite a claim that the court cannot definitively rule out as unmeritorious in the available time.

The process of setting a date is cumbersome in many states. In some it requires the personal involvement of the governor, who may let final cases go unexecuted for years because of antipathy for the death penalty or simple inattention. Getting past a set date is a big deal, and the defense knows it.

The tactic was used in the first California execution of the modern era in 1992, that of Robert Alton Harris. The claim was a challenge to California's method of execution, which had been in use for many years. The Federal District Court in San Francisco granted a stay, and the Supreme Court vacated it because there was no reason it could not have been filed much earlier, giving ample time to consider it. Gomez v. United States Dist. Court for Northern Dist. of Cal., 503 U. S. 653, 654 (1992) (per curiam).

Yesterday, as noted in today's News Scan, the Supreme Court vacated a last-minute stay issued by the Eleventh Circuit for Alabama murderer Dominique Ray, citing the Gomez decision. (Gomez was California's corrections secretary at the time. Harris was the "real party in interest" in a writ that technically names the trial court as the respondent.)

Alabama has a perfectly reasonable policy that only Corrections employees can be present in the execution chamber. A prison-employed chaplain can be one of the employees. This can present a "disparate impact" problem if an inmate of a different faith wants a spiritual advisor of his own faith present in chamber. If that problem rises to a constitutional violation (an issue not yet resolved), the obvious solution would be to remove all clergy, employees or not, to the outside of the chamber, and have only the execution team inside. I expect that is how most states do it.

Anarchy May Be Hazardous to Your Health

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Kelly Weill reports in the Daily Beast:

John Galton and his girlfriend Lily Forester had finally made it. On a March 2017 evening, the young American couple sat on their balcony above Acapulco, Mexico, counting their blessings. They'd recently moved into a big house on a mountainside and were eyeing an ambitious push into the artisanal bong business.

Galton and Forester were anarcho-capitalists who slipped U.S. drug charges worth 25 years in prison, they said in a YouTube video that night. They'd hopped the border and resettled in what Galton called one of the world's "pockets of freedom," a community billed as a libertarian paradise.

Almost two years later, Galton was murdered.
The subhead of the article is, "A bitcoin millionaire created a haven for 'anarcho-capitalists' in Mexico. When one of his followers was killed, he said it was just the cost of doing business."

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Alabama Executes Murderer:  An Alabama man who raped and murdered a 15-year-old girl in 1995 was put to death yesterday.  The Associated Press reports that Dominique Ray won a stay of execution from the 11th Circuit Wednesday arguing that his rights were violated because his imam was not permitted to be in the room with him during the execution.  That stay was lifted by a 5-4 order by the Supreme Court late Thursday.  The state had argued that, for security reasons, only prison employees are allowed in the execution room.  Evidence introduced at trial indicates that Ray and an accomplice picked up Tiffany Harville from her home on July 15, 1995.  Ray knew the girl, and told others that he wanted to have sex with her.  The men drove the girl to a field and raped her then cut her throat before taking her purse and an some of her clothing.  Over a month later, her decomposed body was discovered along a remote county road.      

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Court Upholds Texting Suicide Conviction:  The Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court has upheld the voluntary manslaughter conviction of a 22-year-old Fairhaven woman who sent dozens of text messages to encouraged a boy she knew to commit suicide.  Alanna Durkin Richer of the Associated Press reports that in 2014 Michelle Carter was 17 when she texted 18-year-old Conrad Roy III and urged him to go through with his plan to kill himself via carbon monoxide poisoning. According to prosecutors, she then listened to him choke to death. The teens had met two years earlier in Florida while on vacation with their families and their relationship consisted mostly of texting and emails.  Both teens had been treated for depression.  Two months after the suicide Carter texted a friend saying that Roy's death was her fault.  At trial, the judge said that Carter had a duty to call the police and Roy's family when she knew he was killing himself.   The Court's decision is here.
FamilyTreeDNA, an at home consumer genetic testing company similar to 23andMe and Ancestry.com, has been sharing DNA data with the FBI.  The FBI uses this information in its investigation of violent crimes and/or cold cases.  Reading this article by Matthew Haag in the NY Times made me think a good friend of mine from college.  In the summer of 1997, she was attacked, tied up, and raped by a stranger in her Chico, CA apartment.  When her assailant left the room, she broke free of the restraints and grabbed a pair of scissors.  When he returned to the room, she stabbed him in the arm.  The blood he left on a pillow case provided investigators with the evidence they would use over twenty years later to identify him as Roy Charles Waller, the so-called "NorCal Rapist."

Investigators entered his DNA into the GEDMatch website, which provided them with a list of his close DNA relatives.  That information quickly led them to Waller.  Waller sexually assaulted and/or attacked at least seven victims across six Northern California counties over a 15-year period (1991-2006).  

One Bad Idea After Another

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Bob McManus has this article in the City Journal lamenting the parade of bad ideas on crime in New York, although the problem is certainly not limited to New York.

New York governor Andrew Cuomo is urging the exemption of mugshot photos and arrest booking information from public disclosure under New York's freedom of information laws. This is understandable, given the impressive montage that might be made from mugshots of one-time Cuomo aides, advisors, and associates now on their way to prison, but it nevertheless raises serious civil-liberties issues around press freedom and public information--and it seems like yet another gubernatorial pander toward the Democratic Party's crime-coddling Left.

Cuomo isn't the only politician moving in this direction. Virtually the entire Democratic presidential field has embraced it to one degree or another, as has every elected Democrat of note in New York. And Cuomo is typical of the state party's establishment. He long ago embraced sanctuary-statism. He has turned a blind eye to the wholesale theft of mass-transit services--that is, fare evasion--that cost the MTA $215 million last year. He's on board with the refusal of most New York City district attorneys to enforce laws against the public use of illegal drugs, and he strongly backs the legalization of marijuana. He hasn't said a word about the de Blasio administration's effective abandonment of quality-of-life policing in the streets, or about the need for discipline in public schools.

These positions are rooted in the left-wing notion that "social justice" must take precedence over criminal justice when enforcement of certain laws falls disproportionately on favored demographic groups. It's the doctrine of disparate impact, along with its cousin in the public schools, restorative justice--together, the two concepts are turning conventional standards of accountability on their head.

News Scan

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New York Subway Crime Rising:  In the late 1980s New York's subways were dangerous.  The stations had lines of transients sleeping on the floors, fare-beating was common and there were roughly 50 major crimes occurring in the subways every day.  Emma G. Fitzsimmons and Ed Sandoval of the New York Times report that in 1990, after subway thugs stabbed and killed tourist Brian Watkins as he tried to protect his mother and father, the city initiated a crackdown, which dramatically improved the safety of riders.  But today, they report that subway crime is increasing, highlighted by the December attack of a police officer by five vagrants on a train platform, the January stabbing of a sleeping rider, and the February 3rd murder of a man at a Queens station. While officials say that they will not tolerate violence in the subway, crimes were up 3.8% last year and fair beating is again becoming routine.  As is often the case, law abiding riders are feeling the decline in safety and changing their behavior well before there is official acknowledgment that there is a problem.  Recently, former NY Police Commissioner William Bratton noted that just as in the 1980s, when the increase in subway crime was an indicator that widespread increases in crime were coming.  "the quality-of-life declines and warning signs are all there for it to happen once again," he said.   

llegal Held In Sexual Assaults:  An illegal alien has been arrested for the sexual battery of several children under the age of 14 at a South Lake Tahoe Goodwill Store last week.  South Tahoe Now reports that Sergio Antonio Recendiz-Rodriguez, a resident of Gardnerville illegally in the U.S., was arrested and charged with multiple counts of juvenile sexual battery.  U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement has placed a hold on Recendiz-Rodriguez for deportation.  Police expect more victims to come forward. 

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CA Rehabilitation Programs Not Working:  State auditors have released a report finding that, eight years after California embarked on a historic sentencing reduction and rehabilitation crusade, the recidivism rate for released prison inmates has not improved.  The Associated Press reports that the assessment relied on data from 2014-2015 and tracked inmates over several years.  Auditors noted that, after years of inmate releases and millions spent on rehabilitation programs both inside and outside of prison, the rate at which released inmates are committing new crimes "remains stubbornly high" running at about 50% over the past decade. The auditors stressed a need for Corrections to be more active in assuring that these programs are more effective.  A Corrections spokesperson, as expected, responded that her department is ramping up its efforts to make things better.  In the meantime thousands of Californians are beaten, robbed, raped and murdered each year by criminals, determined to be  "low risk" by Corrections, and released back into communities to programs that don't work.  The solution, from proponents and politicians which support the state's sentencing reforms, is to spend more money.   

Huge Drug Bust at Arizona Border:  U.S. Customs agents seized roughly 250 1bs. of fentanyl and almost 400 lbs. of methamphetamine at the Nogales border last Saturday.  Anita Snow of the Associated Press reports that the drugs, valued at and estimated $4.6 million, were found in a hidden compartment in a Mexican produce truck crossing into Arizona.  It was the largest fendanyl bust in history.  The drug, which is several times more powerful than heroin, has caused record-breaking fatal overdoses in the U.S. 

Illegal Alien Sex Offender Nabbed In Texas:  A Mexican national who had served three stints in U.S. prisons for sexually abusing children, was arrested Wednesday during a traffic stop.  Cody Derespina of Fox News reports that Marvin Yovani Mejia Ramos had been pulled over for a traffic violation and given the officer a fake name.  The officer conducted an onsite fingerprint scan which revealed his true identify and that he was in the U.S. illegally.  He had served two prison sentences in California for sexual assault on a child and a third for lewd acts on a child under 14.  He had been deported in 2013, and again in 2015 after a DUI arrest.  It was fortunate that he was pulled over in Texas, it is illegal in California and other sanctuary jurisdictions for police to investigate the immigration status of those stopped for traffic violations.  Mejia Ramos has been turned over the ICE for deportation.

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